District Councils Vs County Councils

It is fair to say that if I were to be asked a few weeks ago what the differences between the District and the County Council were, I would probably look a little blank and then tell you I didn’t know.

But now I do….

The clue is really in the name in terms of the two council’s sizes, the County Council is naturally bigger as that Council governs over a larger area, i.e Hampshire County Council governs the whole of Hampshire. However, District Councils govern a small body within the county council’s domain. For example, Winchester City Council. The two have very different budgets for expenses, that being because of not the only size of the area they govern but also because of the difference in responsibilities, which I will come onto shortly.

Local government is run using a two-tier system and tasks are distributed between the County Council and the District Council.

The County Council has several members and the general public votes these in every four years. From these elected members, a Cabinet is drawn and this essentially acts as a group of people representing certain areas within the Council that come together when making decisions, it is then their task to choose a Council Leader. For example, Ken Thorber is the current leader for Hampshire County Council.

Although, the leader usually holds the ‘final say’ when making decisions, the Cabinet cast their opinion too. Having attended a Council Meeting, I saw members of the Cabinet for Hampshire County Council casting their opinions on potential changes to adult social care.

Unlike the District Council, the County Council has Civil Servants. These are important members of the Council but are not elected in; they are permanent figures. The general public as taxpayers, pay for the salary of the Civil Servants. In most cases, the Chief Executive is paid higher than the Prime Minister!

County Councils are usually responsible for tasks including Fire and Rescue services, education, waste disposal and other tasks that affect the county as a whole.

District Council as mentioned above will control a smaller area within a particular county. The members of the District Council will be elected but only by those living in that particular area. For example, residents of Winchester will vote for the members within Winchester City Council. The leader of the District Council is usually determined by which political party has the majority, in Winchester City Council’s case, Kelsie Learney is the current leader, as she is the representative for the Liberal Democrats and they hold the majority within Winchester.

The District Council’s responsibilities are more minor issues but ones that are just as important and may be overlooked by the County Council. For example, road/pavement repairs, tax collection, waste collection, council housing etc. I was interested to find out, having attended a talk held by Kelsie Learney, that there is actually a website called fixmystreet.com that allows residents to post their worries or complaints, and this acts as a form of communication between the residents of Winchester and Winchester City Council.

I’ll be the first to admit that I do still find Councils quite tricky to get head around, but I have learnt so much more knowledge now that I had originally. I think one of the most important things I learnt was that although both Councils have such different responsibilities, it is the way the work together that makes local government work successfully.

Word Count - 574

Radio Bulletin.

Finally, it's here. My radio bulletin.
Sit back, listen and hopefully enjoy.
Just follow the link below...

http://soundcloud.com/bdavies10/becky-final-best-bulletin

Radio Script #2

England will see a rise in prescription charges from April 1st, this year. The current fee stands at £7.20 per item but this will rise by 20 pence to £7.40.
Alongside this, The Department of Health have also announced that fees for dental care will also rise.
Prescription charges will remain free for those living in Wales or Northern Ireland and Scotland will follow suit from April 1st.

This is what Sue Champney, Dispenser for Lloyds Pharmacy,  had to say about the upcoming prescription fee rise...

*Audio cut here*

Kant and Hegal

Immanuel Kant was the philosophical founder of German Idealism, a school of thought which bared a very strong connection to Romanticism. He was a great believer in democracy and much of his earlier work was centralised around science rather than philosophy. He did not agree with empiricism and his belief in a priori knowledge demonstrated this, as this is something empiricists such as John Locke would have strongly disagreed with.

According to Kant, knowledge was split up into two main categories; Analytic and Synthetic knowledge.
The first meaning that an answer can be found within the subject. An example taken from Bertrand Russell is that 'a tall man is a man.' It follows the laws of contradiction as 'a tall man is not a man' would be contradictory of what is being said. This is an example of pure reason or deductive logic. Kant claimed that this type of knowledge was not very useful and if all our knowledge were to be Analytic, we would not know anything.

His second category of knowledge, Synthetic knowledge is one which Kant preferred. Synthetic knowledge is not analytic. An example would be to say that every rose is a flower, although this part is Analytic, when we say that the rose looks beautiful, the idea of beauty is Synthetic.

A priori knowledge is knowledge that is not taught through experience. An example would be a child who is learning maths. The child may use some marbles to understand mathematical concepts but once the knowledge is learnt, the child will no longer need to use the marbles to understand that same concept.
Synthetic A priori simply combines both synthetic knowledge with a priori knowledge and this is something Kant was a firm believer of. An example to demonstrate this would be geography. We know the country we live in exists, this is the a priori part, however, the idea that other countries also exist is the synthetic part of knowledge. When we put this together we create Synthetic A Priori knowledge.

Kant suggested that the outer world causes matters of sensation and our own human mental apparatus places these sensations into time and space. He claims that both space and time are a mental perception and do not actually exist, he called this 'Intuition.' He created twelve categories of a priori concepts:
1. Of Quantity - unity,plurality and totality
2. Of Quality - reality, limitation and negation
3. Of Relation - substance and accident, cause and effect and reciprocity
4. Of Modality - possibility, existence and necessity.

Kant believed that these categories could be applied to whatever we experience in life, but there is no reason to suppose that they can be applicable to things in themselves.

A big part of Kant's work involved proving the existence of God while dismissing any intellectual proofs. He suggested that there are three proofs of God's existence through pure reason. They are the ontological proof, the cosmological proof and the physiological proof.  The first defines God as the most real being, the second says that if anything exists then an absolute being must exist. Now I know I exist, an absolute being must exist and the third suggests that the universe exhibits an order which is evidence of purpose.

God, freedom and immortality, according to Kant are the three 'ideas of reason'.

....

Hegal was another philosopher whom Kant had been very influential on, although Hegal did at times disagree with Kant. Hegal much like Kant, did not agree with empiricism.
Hegal held a belief that nothing was true except the whole which he referred to as the 'absolute.' He believed the whole was made up of a complex system of the sort called an 'organism.' He claimed that separate things in life are not illusions but they each are lesser or greater in terms of reality, which are aspects of the whole.
Hegal used the term 'the absolute idea', this essentially means that we can all be driven on the mere force of logic from any suggested predicate of the absolute to the final conclusion of the dictate. Hegal's dialect method  begins with the idea that the absolute is an 'absolute being' and is 'pure'. He claims that it is impossible to reach the truth without going through all the steps of the dialect. According to Hegal, self consciousness is the highest form of knowledge. Hegal suggests that the best way to find freedom is to simply obey the law, without law he claims that there can never be freedom. An 'organic' society.

Hegal holds the view that the state is there for the purpose of the people, this is a direct disagreement to empiricists who would hold the view that the people are there for the purpose of the state.

Radio Script.

Winchester Cathedral has seen an extension for the first time in over 500 years. The grand opening of  the Fluery Building is set to go ahead on Saturday 5th March after having been recently under construction. It will provide extra storage space, a boiler room and new toilets.

The creation of the new Fluery building was made possible due to a generous donation of £819,000 from friends of the Cathedral. The extension was the work of Peter Bird, the Cathedral Architect who sadly passed away in its final days of construction.

Rousseau and the Romantic Period

The Romantic Period (Romanticism) occurred during the latter half of the 18th Century in Europe. It was time that saw great changes in literature, the roles of women and the development in neo-gothic architecture. In many ways, it was also a time in which the previous emphasis on empirical and technological advancements during the Enlightenment was beginning to subside. The Romantic Period instead saw a shift from empiricism and finding answers to questions about how the world worked and instead focused more on the human race and emotions and how human emotions can be altered or changed. This period, true to its name held a much more 'warm' and 'rosy' outlook on life and took a leap away from some of the more robotic and cold elements of science.

Rousseau was pretty much the main guy in philosophy at the time of Romanticism. He held the view that anything that had been written down or recorded prior to then was either a complete lie or full of errors and he felt that the only true way to capture truth and honesty was through nature. He was often known as 'The Lone Walker' for his love of mountains and long walks which he believed helped to clear his mind. He felt that in order to understand the universe, all an individual should do is walk. I find this view very interesting, I mean it is true to some extent. People can tell you all sorts of things about the world you live in and you are then presented with the option to believe it or dismiss it but if you walk and explore and find out for yourself you will know and understand completely.

Painting by Casper David Friedrich, 'The Wanderer above the sea of fog'.

                                            

Although, upon first glance Rousseau's ideas seem quite harmonious, he was somewhat of an extremist within his view. One of the most notable views he held was that civilisation  had damaged and corrupted the human race. He believed that there was too much emphasis with appearances and self - esteem. Due to this, he felt that people living without civilisation, the few that were 'natural' were virtuous and pure. To him, they were beautiful. He wanted the human race to be completely free, without any laws or 'chains'. Rousseau thought that humans should be more animal like. To him, animals were completely free and at one with nature, this is how he thought the perfect human should be.  To most of us, including me, this idea seems completely impractical, however, Rousseau claims that humans were once like this and the day it went wrong was the day that individuals started to claim land as their own resulting in a divide between mankind.

This is a direct contrast to John Locke, who favored the idea of  an individual  possessing land and property. The key to happiness, so Locke thought, is the right to 'life, liberty and property.'

Rousseau once said:

"Man is born free, but everywhere is in chains."

This I infer as meaning that we all are born with potential and encouraged to live life making decisions of our own, but Rousseau is saying that this is impossible because of laws and ownership etc that  ultimately block our path. Rousseau held the radical view that the entire world is wrong, he believed that we should return to complete nature - the noble savage.

South African Tribe. 

An example of what Rousseau would have considered as 'virtuous', 'pure' people.

This way of living is vastly different from the culture and civilisation I have been brought up within but the African Tribe shown above would be the freedom, I imagine Rousseau is trying to achieve.
He constantly argues that civilisation is defecting the human race and to explain his point further he describes human nature as a statue. He explains how when a statue is first erected, it will look beautiful, it will have precise markings and will stand out clearly as something to admire. However, as time goes by the statue will decay, the markings will become less clear and people will eventually stop admiring its former beauty. This is same way, Rousseau felt civilsation decayed human nature. Rousseau does except that despite (in his opinion) modern life is full of flaws, we can never return to the point within history, when mankind did have complete freedom and so he acknowledges that a government is needed incase of disputes, but he felt that they should never have the right to interfere if nothing is wrong. Rousseau thought that a government should be in place to protect us but should allow us to be completely free. He felt that even with a government in place, freedom has no limit.


Rousseau explains his ideas on law in 'The General Will'. He believed that laws do not prevent freedom so long as every individual agrees with them and so creates a form of consensus.  I however, do not agree that this idea could ever work. We are all individuals, although fairly similar, I really do not believe it would ever be possible to get every single individual to agree on one particular rule. There would be someone, somewhere who has a problem or would like to tweak the rule just a little bit. Even if it was a minor discrepancy, this would completely shatter any idea of consensus.
He believed that within society there should be a 'direct democracy', meaning that every single individual has a direct say in how their country is being run and this should be the case for every decision made within government. The danger of this idea, is that it carries the potential for dictatorship. If somebody disagreed (which I am almost certain would happen on every instance) they would not be free, and would then be forced to be free, meaning that they are no longer free. Complicated, I know. I would suggest to take a few minutes to get that concept round your head, it certainly took me that long!

Oh by the way, this is the guy that came up with the whole thing:

It was definitely not until the start of the French Revolution in 1789, that Rousseau's ideas began to have any kind of impact on society at the time. Bear in mind, that was almost ten years after Rousseau had died.
The French Revolution started due to King Louis XVI being in huge amounts of debt and the country rapidly facing bankruptcy. The king needed to find an answer to this growing problem and did so by assembling together the three estates of France. They were the monarchy, the clergy and the remaining civilians. It was at this point that the civilians decided that they no longer agreed to the king having all the power and wanted a fairer democracy that reflected everyone. The civilians formed a constituency which reflected the views of Rousseau and created his legacy. It focused on the rights of man and the freedom they should receive. This thirst for change led slowly into the beginning of the French Revolution.
The first real stepping stone being 'The Storming of the Bastille.'

The Storming of the Bastille.

During this time, The Guillotine was invented which created massive changes. Firstly, the civilians had Kind Louis XVI beheaded but it also meant that from then on in, everyone was killed in exactly the same way including royalty meaning that men shared equality, even in death!
The Revolution created massive changes, to the point when many people thought the world had changed after it was over. People changed the months, and one week became extended to ten days.

I have to say, on a very loose level, I like Rousseau's theories and ideas and on very minor levels, I understand why he dislikes civilisation, i.e obsession with beauty and self esteem etc. Society is very much image obsessed, however, I think there would need to be some middle ground for any idea like this to work. Rousseau's idea of the noble savage, it just wouldn't work. I appreciate fully, that in some instances, very rare instances, it does such as African Tribes but for the majority of us who have been raised in such modern times, the idea of taking away civilisation would be like taking away the ground we walk on. Although some of us would perhaps not like to admit it, I think especially younger generations rely on modern civilisation.

Rousseau has a nice idea, granted but plausible? I think not.

Work Experience at S Magazine, The Sunday Express.

This was quite possibly the most tiring, amazing and fascinating week ever!
I completed a full five days in London working for S Magazine (the supplement inside The Sunday Express), I would leave my house by at least 7.45am and would return around 19.30 everyday. They were very long days and boarding the train amongst lots of other people dressed in smart suits or formal dresses just added to the experience and made me feel like a very little fish in a very big pond.

The building I worked in is called the Northern and Shell building and is situated just a few minutes away from London Bridge and the Gherkin, in fact both of which I could see from the office! The building has 10 different floors excluding lower ground levels and each is occupied by a different newspaper or magazine. For example, the building is also the home of Star, OK and New magazine as well as The Daily Star and The Daily/Sunday Express newspapers.

One of the main components of a working for a magazine is not only the text but also photographs. It just so happened that the week I was there was a week in which everyone working across all the magazines were getting frantic over the amount of photo shoots that needed to be organised for a Valentines feature(s). Working for S Magazine meant that this was particularly important and much of the work I was asked to do came from The Lifestyle Editor, Victoria Gray. One of the first tasks, I was asked to do was to research and organise lots of different props and materials that could be included in the Valentines feature photo shoot. For example, stylish flowers and candles, large mirrors etc, anything that would add a glamorous and romantic feel. I then had to ring around some of the and companies and ask whether they would be suitable and try to arrange advertising details. I found this really interesting to do, it was amazing to see how much preparation was needed to commence with one photoshoot, never mind the fact that probably 2 or 3 are featured in the magazine every week. Also, from then on in, deliveries for so many props continuously came in with flowers and chocolates everywhere.

Staff working for S Magazine, were always one or maybe two weeks ahead of themselves to ensure that the magazine was always ready for the publishing deadline. Another feature I assisted with, was a Bathroom feature in which several companies such as B&Q, Marks and Spencer, Bathworld etc were advertising different en suites from a photoshoot that had already been taken. My job was to write the captions for the photographs. Now, it was probably a maximum of 4-5 sentences for each photograph. The hardest part for me was to condense down my flow of writing to include just the fancy and sophisticated adjectives and to include each item accurately.

Whilst on my work experience, I also observed a photo shoot for Star Magazine. It was a fashion shoot advertising different types of wide leg trousers that are availiable to purchase across the high street. The fashion editors were really friendly and the photographer was someone only a couple of years older than myself which I found surprising. I always had this connotation of a fashion photo shoot being very structured as though the model would have firm directions on how to pose but actually, I discovered it was nothing like that. It was a very friendly and relaxed atmosphere with people behind the scenes drinking tea and music playing and the model just posed as and how she felt right at the time. Some of the photographs produced as a final result were beautiful. It was odd, having brought Star Magazine the following week to see the photographs I had witnessed being taken.

Throughout the rest of the week, I continued to write small pieces of work, adding captions, writing small feature pieces. My jobs were constantly being varied which I loved and it was so interesting to branch off to other magazines as I had done with Star Magazine and just get a general feel for the pressure and deadlines magazine editors must reach but yet how relaxed and friendly the whole team of staff were.

For those who do not regularly read S Magazine, every week includes a few recipes written by Anthony Worrall Thompson. He frequently meets with the Lifestyle Editor, and from there a photo shoot is arranged where a chef joined by a specialist photographer will cook the food using the recipes and then take photographs to appear in the food feature. I was lucky enough to be invited to this process on the last day of my work experience. I went to the Lifestyle Editor's house and for that particular photo shoot the theme was 'Healthy Living, Healthy Breakfasts.' Not only did I get to try all the fantastic food that was made including asparagus and chive omelette (something I would never even consider having for breakfast, and actually turned out to be amazing), raspberry and kiwi smoothie and so many other delights but I was also able to witness the photo shoot happening and was also asked for suggestions at certain points. It was really was sucha brilliant experience to be invited along and I was made to feel like an important member of the team.

If you haven't already had work experience in the media industry, I would recommend it. Long hours are pretty much guaranteed but the experience and knowledge I gained from it was just so worth it. I'm hoping to go back again in summer and work for a longer period of time. I also found that working for a magazine offered more emphasis on the importance of imagery and photographs and that is something I had never really considered before. I throughly enjoyed the whole week and I am so glad it happened.